What factor can justify a police officer conducting a search without a warrant?

A police officer can conduct a search without a warrant due to exigent circumstances or with consent from the individual. Exigent circumstances refer to situations where there is an urgent need for law enforcement to take action to prevent the destruction of evidence, protect individuals, or prevent a crime from occurring. For example, if an officer hears sounds of violence or is in pursuit of a suspect who may be about to destroy evidence, they are justified in conducting a search without a warrant.

Consent from an individual also allows for a warrantless search. If a person voluntarily agrees to allow police to search their property, it negates the need for a warrant. The person must have the authority to give consent and must do so freely and willingly without coercion.

In both scenarios, the need to uphold public safety and law enforcement efficacy supersedes the typical requirement for a warrant, thus justifying the search.